Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenic population of immature
myeloid cells with immunosuppressive effects, which undergo massive expansion during …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived nanosized vesicles that mediate cell‐to‐cell
communication via transporting bioactive molecules and thus are critically involved in …

Extracellular communication, in other words, crosstalk between cells, has a pivotal role in
the survival of an organism. This communication occurs by different methods, one of which is …

Plenty of immune cells infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor
progression, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a …

Neutrophils and polymorphonucler myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC) share
origin and many morphological and phenotypic features. However, they have different …

Anticancer agents continue to dominate the list of newly approved drugs, approximately half
of which are immunotherapies. This trend illustrates the considerable promise of cancer …

Drug resistance remains the major obstacle limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy for
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)[1]. However, how stromal cells cooperate …

The emergence of disseminated metastases remains the primary cause of mortality in
cancer patients. Formation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which precedes the …