Using archived data from Chinese Polar Numerical Weather Forecasting System (PNWFS)
and America Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System, the spatial and temporal distribution of …

Abstract Maud Rise polynyas (MRPs) form due to deep convection, which is caused by static
instabilities of the water column. Recent studies with the Community Earth System Model …

The Weddell Sea is a region prone to the formation of open-ocean polynyas. Open-ocean
polynyas are offshore openings of sea ice in the winter season, often accompanied by deep …

Despite the exclusion of the Southern Ocean from assessments of progress towards
achieving the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Strategic Plan, the Commission for …

When will sea ice open is a crucial information for navigation and scientific deployments.
This became painfully obvious when the Weddell Polynya, a large hole in the winter …

Polynyas are recurring areas of open water or thin ice within the sea ice pack, which alter
the local oceanatmosphere heat and moisture exchange. They are differentiated as coastal …

Earth's poles are uniquely sensitive to climate system perturbations; in recent decades,
Arctic temperatures have warmed at twice the global average. Antarctic warming has been …

Ever since the abrupt drop in Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) began in spring of 2016, as
opposed to its consistent growth (1.95% decade–1 from 1979 to 2015), the SIE in the …

Ocean convection is a key mechanism that regulates heat uptake, water-mass
transformation, CO2 exchange, and nutrient transport with crucial implications for ocean …

Observed changes in Antarctic sea ice are poorly understood, in part due to the complexity
of its interactions with the atmosphere and ocean. Sea ice and ocean interactions and …