Vitamin D, traditionally known as an essential nutrient, is a precursor of a potent steroid
hormone that regulates a broad spectrum of physiological processes. In addition to its …

Vitamin D and its' metabolites are a crucial part of the endocrine system that controls whole
body calcium homeostasis. The goal of this hormonal control is to regulate serum calcium …

Calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) homeostasis are coordinated by systemic and local
factors that regulate intestinal absorption, influx and efflux from bone, and kidney excretion …

The population-based association between low vitamin D status and increased cancer risk
can be inconsistent, but it is now generally accepted. These relationships link low serum …

Over the last decades, a central role for vitamin D in immune modulation has been well
established. The active form of vitamin D, ie, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, through the …

Evidence supporting the extra-skeletal role of vitamin D in modulating immune responses is
centred on the effects of its final metabolite, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25 (OH) 2D3, also …

Osteoporosis is a serious health problem that diminishes quality of life and levies a financial
burden on those who fear and experience bone fractures. Physical activity as a way to …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is one member of a large family of inflammatory cytokines that
share common signal pathways, including activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor …

Optimal intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption is necessary for the protection of bone and the
prevention of osteoporosis. Ca absorption can be represented as the sum of a saturable …

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized
by bone loss and structural destruction, which increases the risk of fracture in …