The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …

Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1
million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk …

Microglia play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and can also modulate neuronal function
and synaptic connectivity. In contrast to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which arise from …

Different cortical areas are organized into distinct intracortical subnetworks. The manner in
which descending pathways from the entire cortex interact subcortically as a network …

When faced with threat, the survival of an organism is contingent upon the selection of
appropriate active or passive behavioural responses,,. Freezing is an evolutionarily …

The striatum contributes to many cognitive processes and disorders, but its cell types are
incompletely characterized. We show that microfluidic and FACS-based single-cell RNA …

Although bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity are the hallmark motor defects in patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD), patients also experience motor learning impairments and non …

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in
the HD gene. The disease is characterized by neurodegeneration, particularly in the striatum …

Basal ganglia play a central role in regulating behavior, but the organization of their outputs
to other brain areas is incompletely understood. We investigate the largest output nucleus …