Importance Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated neurodegenerative disease
of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory demyelination with axonal …

In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

INTRODUCTION The meninges are a three-layer membrane that covers the central nervous
system (CNS): The outermost layer, the dura mater, is attached onto the skull periosteum; …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of
the central nervous system, and the leading cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in …

Background The monoclonal antibody ublituximab enhances antibody-dependent cellular
cytolysis and produces B-cell depletion. Ublituximab is being evaluated for the treatment of …

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Background Tolebrutinib is an oral, CNS-penetrant, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine
kinase, an enzyme expressed in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells including microglia, which …

There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

The success of clinical trials of selective B‐cell depletion in patients with relapsing multiple
sclerosis (MS) and primary progressive MS has led to a conceptual shift in the …