Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

Immunity to previously encountered viruses can alter responses to unrelated pathogens.
This phenomenon, which is known as heterologous immunity, has been well established in …

Abstract Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)‐producing CD4+ T cells (Th17)‐mediated immune response
has been demonstrated to play a critical role in inflammation‐associated disease; however …

Malaria is a highly prevalent disease caused by infection by Plasmodium spp., which infect
hepatocytes and erythrocytes. Blood-stage infections cause devastating symptoms and can …

Background Extensive mononuclear cell infiltration is strongly correlated with liver damage
in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection. Macrophages and infiltrating …

Background Treatment with nucleotide analogs is known to be effective in inhibiting HBV
replication; however, patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often show a wide range of …

Background Programmed Death-1 (PD-1; CD279) receptor molecule is widely believed to
be a negative regulator predominantly expressed by exhausted/activated mouse T cells …

Herpesviruses infect most humans. Their infections can be associated with pathological
conditions and significant changes in T cell repertoire but evidences of symbiotic effects of …

Acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection results in an unusually robust CD8+ T cell response
in young adults. Based on mouse studies, such a response would be predicted to result in …

Rationale: There is mounting evidence of a higher incidence of coronary heart disease in
cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate …