The huge communities of residential microbes, including bacteria, viruses, Archaea, and
Eukaryotes, that colonize humans are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in …

Alcohol affects many organs, including the immune system, with even moderate amounts of
alcohol influencing immune responses. Although alcohol can alter the actions of all cell …

BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that the blood of healthy humans is not as
sterile as previously supposed. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive …

Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a 'sterile'environment: it lacks proliferating microbes.
Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, as intracellular …

Alcohol-related liver disease is associated with significant changes in gut microbial
composition. The transmissibility of ethanol-induced liver disease has been demonstrated …

Conclusions Metabolomic signatures identify three NAFLD subgroups, independent of
histological disease severity. These signatures align with known CVD and genetic risk …

The term gut–liver axis is used to highlight the close anatomical and functional relationship
between the intestine and the liver. The intestine has a highly specialized epithelial …

Objective There is a striking association between human cholestatic liver disease (CLD) and
inflammatory bowel disease. However, the functional implications for intestinal microbiota …

Excessive alcohol consumption causes a wide spectrum of liver disease, ranging from
simple steatosis to severe forms of liver injury such as steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis …

Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a multifaceted disease that involves
complex interactions between various organs, including the gut and heart. It is defined by …