It is now well established that individuals can differ consistently in their average levels of
behaviour across different contexts. There have recently been calls to apply the same …

Measuring and understanding personality in animals is a rising scientific field. Much
research has been conducted to assess distinctive individual differences in behavior in a …

Patterns of individual differences in cognition have been studied empirically and
systematically in the last decade, but causes and consequences of this variation are still …

Abstract With over 30,000 recognized species, fishes exhibit an extraordinary variety of
morphological, behavioural, and life-history traits. The field of fish cognition has grown …

Animal species, including humans, display patterns of individual variability in cognition that
are difficult to explain. For instance, some individuals perform well in certain cognitive tasks …

Individual differences in cognitive abilities have been thoroughly investigated in humans
and to a lesser extent in other mammals. Despite the growing interest in studying cognition …

Larger groups often have a greater ability to solve cognitive tasks compared to smaller ones
or lone individuals. This is well established in social insects, navigating flocks of birds, and …

Abstract 450 million years of evolution have given chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and allies)
ample time to adapt perfectly to their respective everyday life challenges and cognitive …

Balancing foraging gain and predation risk is a fundamental trade-off in the life of animals.
Individual strategies to acquire, process, store and use information to solve cognitive tasks …

Leadership is widespread across the animal kingdom. In self-organizing groups, such as
fish schools, theoretical models predict that effective leaders need to balance goal-oriented …