Background Chronic and/or extreme stress in early life, often referred to as early adversity,
childhood trauma, or early life stress, has been associated with a wide range of adverse …

Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is
mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for developing …

Early adolescent substance use dramatically increases the risk of lifelong substance use
disorder (SUD). An adolescent sensitive period evolved to allow the development of risk …

Brain systems that promote the maintenance of homeostasis in face of stress have
significant adaptive value. A growing body of work across species demonstrates a critical …

Background Paternal depression has been associated with suboptimal developmental
outcomes in offspring. We sought to systematically review the research evidence from …

Early life stress (ELS) developmental effects have been widely studied by preclinical
researchers. Despite the growing body of evidence from ELS models, such as the maternal …

After stress, the brain is exposed to waves of stress mediators, including corticosterone (in
rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Corticosteroid hormones affect neuronal physiology in two …

Background: Maternal care refers to the behavior performed by the dam to nourish and
protect her litter during its early development. Frequent and high-quality performance of …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Depression, one of the most common psychiatric
disorders, is the fourth leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. A series of causes …