The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Simple Summary The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway is frequently activated in liver cancer, which is one of the …

RAS is one of the most well-known proto-oncogenes. Its gain-of-function mutations occur in
approximately 30% of all human cancers. As the most frequently mutated RAS isoform …

Background More and more studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a critical
regulatory role in many cancers. However, the potential molecular mechanism of circRNAs …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by systemic synovitis leading to joint destruction
in which imbalances in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the …

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Malignant cell …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are the final components of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation cascade, an integral module in a …

ERK1 and ERK2 are key protein kinases that contribute to the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK MAP
kinase signalling module. This pathway participates in the control of numerous processes …