Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Repeated drug use can change dopamine (DA) function in ways that promote the
development and persistence of addiction, but in what direction? By one view, drug use …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant that increases extracellular
monoamines, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and affects multiple tissue and cell …

The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays an integral role in dopamine neurotransmission
through the clearance of dopamine from the extracellular space. Dysregulation of DAT is …

Monoamine transporters (MATs) regulate neurotransmission via the reuptake of dopamine,
serotonin and norepinephrine from extra-neuronal regions and thus maintain …

The plasmalemmal norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulates cardiovascular sympathetic
activity by clearing extracellular norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. Here, we investigate the …

Monoamine neurotransmitters (MNTs) belong to one of the most important groups of
neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. They play crucial role in functioning of …

Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are key players in tissue homeostasis and
diseases regulated by a variety of signaling molecules. Recent literature has highlighted the …

In 2014, we proposed that orexin signaling transformed motivationally relevant states into
adaptive behavior directed toward exploiting an opportunity or managing a threat, a process …

A growing body of evidence suggests that nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a significant role
not only in the physiological processes associated with reward and satisfaction but also in …