Recent data points to glutamatergic dysfunction in mood disorders, anxiety disorders,
obsessive–compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Memantine, a drug approved by the …

Tobacco smoking continues to be a major global health hazard despite significant public
awareness of its harmful consequences. Although several treatment options are currently …

Addiction is characterized by compulsive alcohol or drug taking and seeking, and the dorsal
striatum has been implicated in such maladaptive persistent habits. The NMDA receptor …

Rationale: Preclinical observations suggest that NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic
neurotransmission is involved in the expression and maintenance of opioid dependence …

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation,
is a neuroinhibitory agent present in the mammalian brain. Endogenous KYNA preferentially …

Abstract In general,'drinkers smoke', and a high proportion of the alcohol-dependent
population is also nicotine-dependent. Statistically, the majority of alcoholics will die of …

Background: Increasing evidence indicates that repeated exposure to and withdrawal from
alcohol can result in persistent molecular and cellular adaptations. One molecular …

Expression of the NMDA receptor 2B (NR2B) gene is upregulated following chronic
intermittent ethanol (CIE) treatment and withdrawal, which underlies behavioral alterations …

One of the major targets for ethanol (alcohol) in the brain is the N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) receptor, a glutamate-gated ion channel. Intriguingly, the effects of ethanol on the …

Background: There is growing evidence that N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor
antagonists may have potential for the treatment of alcohol disorders. Memantine is a …