The activation of stress-related neuroendocrine systems helps to maintain homeostasis, but
excessive stress can damage body functions. We review current evidence from basic …

Various internal and external factors negatively affect the homeostatic equilibrium of
organisms at the molecular to the whole-body level, inducing the so-called state of 'stress' …

The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure
long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in …

For the last five decades, science has managed to delineate the mechanisms by which
stress hormones can impact on the human brain. Receptors for glucocorticoids are found in …

The hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is assumed to be a retrospective marker of integrated
cortisol secretion and stress over longer periods of time. Its quantification is increasingly …

We present a conceptual framework that highlights how unique dimensions of individual-
level HIV-related stigma (perceived community stigma, experienced stigma, internalized …

Stress is now recognized as a universal premorbid factor associated with many risk factors
of various chronic diseases. Acute stress may induce an individual's adaptive response to …

Background Although there is substantial evidence of differential hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenal (HPA) axis activity in both generalized and abdominal obesity, consistent trends in …

Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous disease in terms of presentation, duration, and severity. Due
to this heterogeneity, it is difficult to align treatment decisions. Biomarkers have proved to be …

Abstract Purpose of Review This review focuses on the concentration of cortisol in human
hair as a biomarker of chronic stress in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We outline the …