The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

Tumors are comprised of both cancer cells and surrounding stromal components. As an
essential part of the tumor microenvironment, the tumor stroma is highly dynamic …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Although immunotherapy harnessing activity of the immune system against tumors has
made great progress, the treatment efficacy remains limited in most cancers. Current …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex assembly of hundreds of proteins forming the
architectural scaffold of multicellular organisms. In addition to its structural role, the ECM …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of the tumor microenvironment
(TME), having several important roles related to the hallmarks of cancer. In cancer, multiple …

Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

Cells have emerged as a promising new form of drug delivery carriers owing to their
distinguished advantages such as naturally bypassing immune recognition, intrinsic …

Collagen, an extracellular protein, covers the entire human body and has several important
biological functions in normal physiology. Recently, collagen from non-human sources has …

The efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapies largely depends on the generation of T-cell
populations that provide rapid effector function and long-term protective immunity. Yet it is …