200 billion red blood cells (RBCs) are produced every day, requiring more than 2× 10 15
iron atoms every second to maintain adequate erythropoiesis. These numbers translate into …

The control over iron availability is crucial under homeostatic conditions and even more in
the case of an infection. This results from diverse properties of iron: first, iron is an important …

Iron is an essential trace element for multicellular organisms and nearly all microorganisms.
Although iron is abundant in the environment, common forms of iron are minimally soluble …

Maintaining physiologic iron concentrations in tissues is critical for metabolism and host
defense. Iron absorption in the duodenum, recycling of iron from senescent erythrocytes …

The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the
major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron …

Iron is required for the survival of most organisms, including bacteria, plants, and humans. Its
homeostasis in mammals must be fine-tuned to avoid iron deficiency with a reduced oxygen …

Iron deficiency anemia arises when the balance of iron intake, iron stores, and the body's
loss of iron are insufficient to fully support production of erythrocytes. Iron deficiency anemia …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell
types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by …

Iron lies at the center of a battle for nutritional resource between higher organisms and their
microbial pathogens. The iron status of the human host affects the pathogenicity of …

Plasmodium vivax is a major cause of febrile illness in endemic areas of Asia, Central and
South America, and the horn of Africa. Plasmodium vivax infections are characterized by …