A number of recent advances have been made in the clinical diagnosis and prognostication
of multiple sclerosis patients. Future research will enable the development of more accurate …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

Importance Accumulation of disability in multiple sclerosis may occur as relapse-associated
worsening (RAW) or steady progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA), with PIRA …

Importance Within 2 decades of onset, 80% of untreated patients with relapsing-remitting
multiple sclerosis (MS) convert to a phase of irreversible disability accrual termed secondary …

Objective Rates of worsening and evolution to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
(MS) may be substantially lower in actively treated patients compared to natural history …

Importance Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is the main event responsible
for irreversible disability accumulation in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To …

Background and Objectives Neurodegeneration and astrocytic activation are pathologic
hallmarks of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be quantified by serum …

A proper clinical evaluation of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is of great importance to
detect MS progression. It provides important data for physicians on their daily practice as …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the
progressive loss of axonal myelin in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that …

Disability accrual in multiple sclerosis may occur as relapse-associated worsening or
progression independent of relapse activity. The role of progression independent of relapse …