Bacterial or fungal membrane vesicles, traditionally considered as microbial metabolic
wastes, are secreted mainly from the outer membrane or cell membrane of microorganisms …

Bacteria release extracellular vesicles (EVs) known as bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs)
during their normal growth. Gram-negative bacteria produce BMVs termed outer membrane …

Bacterial membrane vesicle research has so far focused mainly on Gram-negative bacteria.
Only recently have Gram-positive bacteria been demonstrated to produce and release …

Bacterial-derived RNA and DNA can function as ligands for intracellular receptor activation
and induce downstream signaling to modulate the host response to bacterial infection. The …

Mechano-bactericidal effects exhibited by specific nano-patterns have brought in the
prospect of developing sustainable antibacterial materials. Contrary to the standard …

Staphylococcus aureus generates and releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) that package
cytosolic, cell-wall associated, and membrane proteins, as well as glycopolymers and …

In recent years the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Gram-positive bacteria in host-
microbe cross-talk has become increasingly appreciated, although the knowledge of their …

Enterococcus faecium is a commensal but also a bacteremia causing pathogen, which is
inherently resistant to several antimicrobials and has a great ability to acquire new traits …

Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, the most
common and costly disease affecting dairy cattle. S. aureus naturally releases extracellular …

Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. It
produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are involved in cellular communication and …