Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular
diseases, and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes, which pose …

Ischemic stroke (IS) represents a significant threat to brain health due to its elevated
mortality and disability rates. The efficacy of small-molecule neuroprotective agents has …

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species by damaged mitochondria after ischemia is a key
factor in the subsequent cascade of damage. Delivery of therapeutic agents to the …

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is caused by excessive production of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and inflammation accompanied by ischemic injury symptoms and blood–brain barrier …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibited remarkable therapeutic potential in ischemic
stroke due to their exceptional immunomodulatory ability and paracrine effect; they have …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common primary intracranial tumors in the
central nervous system with poor prognosis, high invasiveness, risk of recurrence and low …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder predominantly
affecting the elderly. While conventional pharmacological therapies remain the primary …

Brain disorders represent a significant challenge in medical science due to the formidable
blood–brain barrier (BBB), which severely limits the penetration of conventional …

Introduction Neuroinflammation is one of the major pathogeneses in Alzheimer's disease
(AD) and mainly involves abnormal inflammatory activation of microglia by multiple …

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to a new injury caused by reperfusion after the
restoration of ischemic tissue or organ blood supply. Salvianic acid A (danshensu) is a …