Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

We live in the era of antibiotic resistance, and this problem will progressively worsen if no
new solutions emerge. In particular, Gram-negative pathogens present both biological and …

The discovery of antibiotics ought to have ended the issue of bacterial infections, but this
was not the case as it has led to the evolution of various mechanisms of bacterial resistance …

The hunt for novel antibiotics has become a global public health imperative due to the rise in
multidrug-resistant microorganisms, untreatable infection cases, overuse, and inefficacy of …

The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic
application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most …

Cell envelope plays a dual role in the life of bacteria by simultaneously protecting it from a
hostile environment and facilitating access to beneficial molecules. At the heart of this ability …

Efflux is an important mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria conferring multidrug resistance.
Inhibition of efflux is an encouraging strategy to restore the antibacterial activity of antibiotics …

Highlights•Polyspecificity of bacterial RND efflux pumps is the key to environmental
versatility and antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.•Synergy with the outer …

Conspectus Antibiotics are miracle drugs that can cure infectious bacterial diseases.
However, their utility is challenged by antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerging in clinics and …

The continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has posed an increasingly
serious public health threat which urges people to develop some alternatives. Gallic acid …