Chronic antigen stimulation during viral infections and cancer can lead to T cell exhaustion,
which is characterized by reduced effector function and proliferation, and the expression of …

A paradigm shift in the understanding of the exhausted CD8+ T cell (Tex) lineage is
underway. Originally thought to be a uniform population that progressively loses effector …

Abstract Analysis of human blood immune cells provides insights into the coordinated
response to viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which …

SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines,–mediate protection from severe disease as early as ten
days after prime vaccination, when neutralizing antibodies are hardly detectable,–. Vaccine …

Combination therapy with PD-1 blockade and IL-2 is highly effective during chronic
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Here we examine the underlying basis for this …

Interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and their cognate tumour antigens are central
to antitumour immune responses,–; however, the relationship between phenotypic …

INTRODUCTION More than 50% of patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–T
cells for B cell malignancies develop progressive disease after CAR therapy, and these …

Expansion and differentiation of antigen-experienced PD-1+ TCF-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells
into effector cells is critical for the success of immunotherapies based on PD-1 blockade …

Naïve CD8+ T cells can differentiate into effector (Teff), memory (Tmem) or exhausted (Tex)
T cells. These developmental pathways are associated with distinct transcriptional and …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high relapse and low 5-year survival rates. Single-cell
profiling in relapsed HCC may aid in the design of effective anticancer therapies, including …