Over the last decade, a series of studies has demonstrated that glia in the central nervous
system play roles in many aspects of neuronal functioning including pain processing …

The increased appreciation of electrical coupling between neurons has led to many studies
examining the role of gap junctions in synaptic and network activity. Although the gap …

Previous studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and TNF receptor 1
(TNFR1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and in spinal dorsal horn are upregulated after nerve …

Mirror-image pain is characterized by mechanical hypersensitivity on the uninjured mirror-
image side. Recent reports favor central mechanisms, but whether peripheral mechanisms …

Spinal glial and proinflammatory cytokine actions are strongly implicated in pathological
pain. Spinal administration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 abolishes …

Spinal cord injury induces a complex cascade of degenerative and remodeling events
evolving over time. The possible roles of changed intercellular communication via gap …

Injury or inflammation in the peripheral branches of neurons of sensory ganglia causes
changes in neuronal properties, including excessive firing, which may underlie chronic pain …

Spinal cord astrocytes are critical in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Connexin 43
(Cx43) expressed on spinal dorsal horn astrocytes modulates synaptic neurotransmission …

Compelling evidence shows that the adjacent uninjured primary afferents play an important
role in the development of neuropathic pain after nerve injury. The underlying mechanisms …

Background: The development of pain after peripheral nerve and tissue injury involves not
only neuronal pathways but also immune cells and glia. Central sensitization is thought to …