In a normal human life span, the heart beats about 2–3 billion times. Under diseased
conditions, a heart may lose its normal rhythm and degenerate suddenly into much faster …

Computer simulations and nonlinear dynamics have provided invaluable tools for
illuminating the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we review how this …

Cardiac alternans arises from dynamical instabilities in the electrical and calcium cycling
systems of the heart, and often precedes ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death …

The goal of systems biology is to relate events at the molecular level to more integrated
scales from organelle to cell, tissue, and living organism. Here, we review how normal and …

Spatially discordant alternans, where the action potential duration (APD) and intracellular
calcium transient (Cai) alternate with opposite phase in different regions of tissue, is known …

Turing's theory of pattern formation is a universal model for self-organization, applicable to
many systems in physics, chemistry, and biology. Essential properties of a Turing system …

A normal heartbeat is orchestrated by the stable propagation of an excitation wave that
produces an orderly contraction. In contrast, wave turbulence in the ventricles, clinically …

The pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) is broad, with components related to the unique
and diverse cellular electrophysiology of atrial myocytes, structural complexity, and …

Alternation of cardiac action potential duration (APD) from beat to beat and concurrent
alternation of the amplitude of the calcium transient are regarded as important arrhythmia …

Electrical signalling in biology is typically associated with action potentials—transient spikes
in membrane voltage that return to baseline. Hodgkin–Huxley and related conductance …