Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. It presents with declines in
tissue and cell functions and significant increases in the risks of various aging-related …

The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, including brain cancers, is
limited by a number of obstructions, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the …

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) respond to salient or reward prediction-related
stimuli after conditioning with brief pauses in their activity, implicating them in learning and …

Neurodegenerative diseases, in particular for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease
(PD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS), are a category of diseases with progressive loss of …

Background In advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD), dyskinesia and motor
fluctuations become seriously debilitating and therapeutic options become scarce. Aberrant …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a brain-degenerative disorder characterized by a progressive
loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. Current standard-of-care includes oral administration of …

Background: Current research on the prediction of movement complications associated with
levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited. levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) …

Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) are associated with use of dopamine receptor
blocking agents (DRBAs), including antipsychotics. The most common forms are drug …

Although there is no cure for Parkinson's disease (PD), there are several classes of
medications with various mechanisms of action that can help improve the functionality of …

The dynamic equilibrium between dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the dorsal
striatum is thought to be essential for motor function, as imbalances in their levels are …