The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

Oxidative stress is a major component of most major retinal diseases. Many extrinsic anti-
oxidative strategies have been insufficient at counteracting one of the predominant intrinsic …

Here we report multiple lines of evidence for a comprehensive model of energy metabolism
in the vertebrate eye. Metabolic flux, locations of key enzymes, and our finding that glucose …

In response to retinal damage, the Müller glial cells (MGs) of the zebrafish retina have the
ability to undergo a cellular reprogramming event in which they enter the cell cycle and …

Neuronal energy demands are met by a tightly coupled and adaptive vascular network that
supplies nutrients and oxygen. The retina is one of the highest energy-consuming organs …

Vertebrate photoreceptors are among the most metabolically active cells, exhibiting a high
rate of ATP consumption. This is coupled with a high anabolic demand, necessitated by the …

Aerobic glycolysis accounts for∼ 80%–90% of glucose used by adult photoreceptors (PRs);
yet, the importance of aerobic glycolysis for PR function or survival remains unclear. Here …

The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is one isoform of pyruvate kinase (PK). PKM2 is
expressed at high levels during embryonic development and tumor progression and is …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the
leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a …

Photoreceptors have high energy demands and a high density of mitochondria that produce
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of fuel substrates. Although glucose is …