The preclinical phase of autoimmune disorders is characterized by an initial asymptomatic
phase of varying length followed by nonspecific signs and symptoms. A variety of …

Since the early 1980s, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been described as one of the
main risk factors for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), and recently, new epidemiological …

Recent research indicates that multiple sclerosis is preceded by a prodromal phase with
elevated levels of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), a marker of axonal injury. The …

Background and Objectives Psychiatric morbidity is common after a multiple sclerosis (MS)
diagnosis. However, little is known about psychiatric comorbidity during the prodromal …

Background and Objectives Antitumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) agents are a class of biologic
drugs used for the treatment of several immune-mediated conditions. An increased risk of …

Introduction Reliable measurement of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) using a
comprehensive, patient self-reported scale, such as the World Health Organization Disability …

Objective We decided to conduct the first systematic review with meta-analysis to provide the
highest level of up-to-date evidence on the occupational risk factors for Multiple Sclerosis …

Background and Objectives Previous studies have reported a possible prodrome in multiple
sclerosis (MS) defined by nonspecific symptoms including mood disorder or genitourinary …

Introduction. Several studies have suggested the possibility that disease prodromes might
occur months or even years before a multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Objectives. To describe …

OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease that begins in 80-85% of
patients as a relapsing-remitting form (RRMS), and about 50% of patients gradually develop …