Avian Alpha-influenza-virus (AIV) massively affects poultry, targeting mainly the respiratory
tract for virus replication. Recently, two major H5N8 and H5N1 outbreaks caused …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H7N7 subtype are enzootic in the wild bird reservoir in
Europe, cause infections in poultry, and have sporadically infected humans. The non …

Normally, the host immunological response to viral infection is coordinated to restore
homeostasis and protect the individual from possible tissue damage. The two major …

Immature feathers are known replication sites for high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses
(HPAIVs) in poultry. However, it is unclear whether feathers play an active role in viral …

Antigen sparing is an important strategy for pandemic vaccine development because of the
limitation of worldwide vaccine production during disease outbreaks. However, several …

The North American low pathogenic H7N2 avian influenza A viruses, which lack the 220-
loop in the hemagglutinin (HA), possess dual receptor specificity for avian-and human-like …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) continue to cause tremendous economic losses to the global
animal industry and respiratory diseases and deaths among humans. The nuclear import of …

The global circulation of clade 2.3. 4.4 b H5Ny highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
(HPAIVs) in poultry and wild birds, increasing mammal infections, continues to pose a public …

Influenza virus infection is initiated by the attachment of the viral haemagglutinin (HA)
protein to sialic acid receptors on the host cell surface. Most virus particles enter cells …

The H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing the clade 2.3. 4.4 HA
gene have been pervasive among domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide since 2014 …