Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define
a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the …

The assumption that early stress leads to dysregulation and impairment is widespread in
developmental science and informs prevailing models (eg, toxic stress). An alternative …

Functional ecology is the branch of ecology that focuses on various functions that species
play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. This accessible guide offers the …

David Sloan Wilson, one of the world's leading evolutionists, addresses a question that has
puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and evolutionary biologists for centuries: Does altruism …

Phenotypic plasticity is defined as the property of organisms to produce distinct phenotypes
in response to environmental variation. While for more than a century, biologists have …

Repeatability (more precisely the common measure of repeatability, the intra‐class
correlation coefficient, ICC) is an important index for quantifying the accuracy of …

This year is the 50th anniversary of Tinbergen's (1963) article 'On aims and methods of
ethology', where he first outlined the four 'major problems of biology'. The classification of the …

Over the past decade, advances in both molecular developmental biology and evolutionary
ecology have made possible a new understanding of organisms as dynamic systems …

New types of phenotyping tools generate large amounts of data on many aspects of plant
physiology and morphology with high spatial and temporal resolution. These new …

We begin this article by delineating the explanatory gaps left by prevailing gene‐focused
approaches in our understanding of phenotype determination, inheritance, and the origin of …