Simple Summary The metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids is essential to meet the
diverse needs of cells. The autophagy cellular pathway is crucial for normal cellular function …

Metastasis represents one of the most dangerous issue of cancer progression, characterized
by intricate interactions between invading tumor cells, various proteins, and other cells on …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a difficult-to-treat, aggressive cancer type. TNBC is
often associated with the cellular program of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that …

Reprogramming energy production from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis is now
considered a hallmark of cancer. When tumors grow beyond a certain size they give rise to …

Immune evasion—a well-established cancer hallmark—is a major barrier to immunotherapy
efficacy. While the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences underpinning …

Metabolic plasticity, which determines tumour growth and metastasis, is now understood to
be a flexible and context-specific process in cancer metabolism. One of the major pathways …

Inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules are pivotal in inhibiting innate and acquired
antitumor immune responses, a mechanism frequently exploited by cancer cells to evade …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce host defense but can also induce exacerbated
inflammatory responses. This raises the question of whether other mechanisms are also …

Autophagy is a critical cellular adaptive response in tumor formation. Nutritional deficiency
and hypoxia exacerbate autophagic flux in established malignancies, promoting tumor cell …

Background Cancer cells promote glycolysis, which supports rapid cell growth and
proliferation. Phosphofructokinase-fructose bisphosphatases (PFKFBs), a family of …