The research and clinical applications of exercise therapy to the treatment of Parkinson's
disease (PD) are increasing. Pain is among the important symptoms affecting the daily motor …

Purpose Brain glymphatic dysfunction is involved in the pathologic process of acute
ischemic stroke (IS). The relationship between brain glymphatic activity and dysfunction in …

Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by
the stimulation of resident immune cells of the brain and the penetration of peripheral …

Background Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are important pathological
mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that …

Evidence from clinical studies and preclinical studies supports that exercise preconditioning
can not only reduce the risk of stroke but also improve brain tissue and functional outcome …

Ischemic stroke is one of the most vital causes of high neurological morbidity and mortality in
the world. Preconditioning exercise is considered as the primary prevention of stroke to …

Introduction and objective Stroke causes irreversible damage, particularly to the
hippocampus. Evidence suggests that exercise training may mitigate adverse structural and …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death globally that seriously
threaten human health. Although novel western medicines have continued to be discovered …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released by cells into their
extracellular environment. These vesicles play a crucial role in intercellular communication …

In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes wrap around neuronal axons to form myelin,
an insulating layer or sheath that allows for the efficient conductance of action potentials. In …