In oil and gas industry, produced water is considered as the largest waste stream, which
contains relatively higher concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants …

Produced water is the wastewater formed when water is brought from subsurface reservoirs
during oil or gas extraction. Currently, produced water is mainly treated using conventional …

Operational discharges of produced water and drill cuttings from offshore oil and gas
platforms are a continuous source of contaminants to continental shelf ecosystems. This …

Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to
formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude …

Petroleum exploration and production in the Nigeria's Niger Delta region and export of oil
and gas resources by the petroleum sector has substantially improved the nation's economy …

Produced water (formation and injected water containing production chemicals) represents
the largest volume waste stream in oil and gas production operations on most offshore …

The produced water (PW) generated during chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) in
oilfields cannot be treated effectively by traditional wastewater treatment technologies …

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons containing more than 17000 compounds [1].
Among the constituents of crude oil there is a group of substances called polycyclic aromatic …

Increasing offshore oil and gas exploration and development in harsh/Arctic environments
require more effective offshore produced water management, as these environments are …

Oil and gas production wells generate large volumes of water mixed with hydrocarbons
(dispersed and dissolved), salts (ions), and solids. This 'produced water'(PW) is a waste …