This article is a survey of program visualization systems intended for teaching beginners
about the runtime behavior of computer programs. Our focus is on generic systems that are …

In this paper we review the literature relating to the psychological/educational study of
programming. We identify general trends comparing novice and expert programmers …

One of the central topics in computing education research (CEDR) is the exploration of how
a person learns their first programming language, also described in terms such as …

This study analyzed student responses to an examination, after the students had completed
one semester of instruction in programming. The performance of students on code tracing …

This paper reports on the authors use of the SOLO taxonomy to describe differences in the
way students and educators solve small code reading exercises. SOLO is a general …

Learning to program is difficult for many students. Although several factors that affect
learning to program have been identified over the years, we are still far from a full …

Abstract Man-At-The-End (MATE) attacks and fortifications are difficult to analyze, model,
and evaluate predominantly for three reasons: firstly, the attacker is human and, therefore …

Programmers increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation.
However, they now have to deal with issues like having to constantly switch between …

This paper reports on two experiments comparing mental representations and program
comprehension by novices in the object-oriented and procedural styles. The subjects were …

The area of program comprehension comprises a vast body of literature, with numerous
conflicting models having been proposed. Models are typically grounded in experimental …