Bladder infections affect millions of people yearly, and recurrent symptomatic infections
(cystitis) are very common. The rapid increase in infections caused by multidrug-resistant …

Innovative solutions are needed for the treatment of bacterial infections, and a range of
antibacterial molecules have been explored as alternatives to antibiotics. A different …

Chronic infections are an increasing problem due to the aging population and the increase
in antibiotic resistant organisms. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interactions …

The production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-6 by human
antral mucosa during short term culture in vitro has been measured by enzyme linked …

Urinary tract infections activate a mucosal inflammatory response, which includes cytokine
secretion and neutrophil influx. The mechanisms involved in the neutrophil influx have not …

One mechanism of initiating innate host defenses against uropathogenic Escherichia coli
(UPEC) is the production of cytokines by bladder epithelial cells; however, the means by …

Mucosal pathogens trigger a local innate host response by activating epithelial cells.
Bacterial adherence and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling have been implicated as key …

This study compared the repertoire of cytokines produced by epithelial cell lines and human
peripheral blood monocytes in response to Escherichia coli. The A-498 and J82 urinary tract …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating clinical problem with a mortality as high as 60%. It is
now appreciated that ALI represents a cytokine excess state that involves the …

Most people are surprised to hear that a normal human being hosts a mass of bacteria
equivalent to about 1.2 kilograms; the bulk are in the gut lumen and the remaining mainly …