Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from bud and exudates of the plants, mixed
with bee enzymes, pollen and wax. In this review, the biological properties of propolis and …

The ecological function of secondary metabolites in plant defence against herbivores is well
established, but their role in plant–pollinator interactions is less obvious. Nectar is the major …

Propolis is one of the most fascinating honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) products. It is a plant
derived product that bees produce from resins that they collect from different plant organs …

Stingless bees (Meliponini) are highly social bees that are native to tropical and sub-tropical
ecosystems. Resin use is vital to many aspects of stingless bee colony function. Stingless …

Across the Northern hemisphere, managed honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera, are currently
affected by abrupt depopulation during winter and many factors are suspected to be …

Wild and managed bees are essential for global food security and the maintenance of
biodiversity. At present, the conservation of wild bees is hampered by a huge shortfall in …

Social immunity, which describes how individual behaviors of group members effectively
reduce disease and parasite transmission at the colony level, is an emerging field in social …

Background Propolis is a resinous product that is collected from plants by bees to cover
holes and crevices in their hives. Propolis has potent antibacterial, antiviral, anti …

The ability of developing immunological memory, a characteristic feature of adaptive
immunity, is clearly present also in innate immune responses. In fact, it is well known that …

Highlights•Honey bees make great energetic and physiological investments in immunity to
mitigate the risks of disease that accompany social living.•Immunity in honey bees is …