Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative
diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease triggered by environmental factors that act
on a genetically susceptible host. It features three clinical stages: a pre-clinical stage …

In most cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) begins with a relapsing-remitting course followed by
insidious disability worsening that is independent from clinically apparent relapses and is …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system that
causes significant disability and healthcare burden. The treatment of MS has evolved over …

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis : CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in
Neurology Account Register Activate Subscription Help Subscribe American Academy of …

Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease, and several therapies for multiple
sclerosis have been developed and widely used. However, existing medications for multiple …

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the age of affected patients are increasing
owing to increased longevity of the general population and the availability of effective …

Regulated cell death (RCD) is a ubiquitous process in living organisms that is essential for
tissue homeostasis or to restore biological balance under stress. Over the decades, various …

Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a powerful lysosomal protease. This review evaluated CTSB gene
knockout (KO) outcomes for amelioration of brain dysfunctions in neurologic diseases and …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents efficient drug delivery to the central nervous system.
As a result, brain diseases remain one of the greatest unmet medical needs. Understanding …