Purpose: CTLA-4 was the first inhibitory immune checkpoint to be identified. Two mAbs,
ipilimumab (IgG1) and tremelimumab (IgG2), which block the function of CTLA-4, have …

In recent years, conventional treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
have been the main approaches in tumour therapy. Cancer immunotherapy is a new …

In the past decade, advances in the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive
cellular therapy to treat cancer by modulating the immune response have led to …

Summary Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells promote immunological tumor tolerance, but how
their immune-suppressive function is regulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Inhibition of immune regulatory checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, is at
the forefront of immunotherapy for cancers of various histological types. However, such …

T cell responses must be balanced to ensure adequate protection against malignant
transformation and an array of pathogens while also limiting damage to healthy cells and …

Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in the tumor microenvironment lead to eradication of
anti-tumor immunity and enhanced tumor cell survival. In the current study, we identified …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

Immune checkpoint therapy, which targets regulatory pathways in T cells to enhance
antitumor immune responses, has led to important clinical advances and provided a new …

The recent clinical successes of immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor
T cell therapies represent a turning point in cancer immunotherapy. These successes also …