Epidemiological studies have found strong associations between air pollution and
respiratory effects including development and/or exacerbation of asthma and chronic …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slowly progressing chronic respiratory
disorder. It is characterized by an obstructive ventilatory pattern, which is often partially …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema,
and small airway obstruction. Incompletely reversible airflow limitation, inflammation …

Both asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases identified by characteristic symptoms
and functional abnormalities, with airway obstruction common in both diseases. Asthma …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with high incidence rate and
mortality rates worldwide. It is the third leading cause of death in the world. Nevertheless …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global cause of morbidity
and mortality currently. Long-term exposure of cigarette smoke (CS) inducing persistent …

The main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is active smoking.
However, a considerable amount of people with COPD never smoked, and increasing …

The globally increasing annual incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
a common chronic disease, poses a serious risk to public health. Although the exact …

Emerging evidence suggests that adverse early life events can affect long-term health
trajectories throughout life. Preterm birth, in particular, is a significant early life event that …

Since the industrial revolution, air pollution has become a major problem causing several
health problems involving the airways as well as the cardiovascular, reproductive, or …