Neurotransmitters serve as chemical messengers playing a crucial role in information
processing throughout the nervous system, and are essential for healthy physiological and …

Food is a potent natural reward and food intake is a complex process. Reward and
gratification associated with food consumption leads to dopamine (DA) production, which in …

Mesocotical dopamine (DA) inputs to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a crtical role in normal
cognitive process and neuropsychiatic pathologies. This DA input regulates aspects of …

Persistent symptoms of depression suggest the involvement of stable molecular adaptations
in brain, which may be reflected at the level of chromatin remodeling. We find that chronic …

In the 20th century it was thought that novel behaviors are mediated primarily in cortex and
that the development of automaticity is a process of transferring control to subcortical …

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critically involved in numerous cognitive functions,
including attention, inhibitory control, habit formation, working memory and long-term …

Affective valence lies on a spectrum ranging from punishment to reward. The coding of such
spectra in the brain almost always involves opponency between pairs of systems or …

The mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML-DA) system has been recognized for its central role in
motivated behaviors, various types of reward, and, more recently, in cognitive processes …

During the 1990s and early 2000s, cognitive neuroscience investigations of human category
learning focused on the primary goal of showing that humans have multiple category …

Fatigue is one of the most pervasive symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), and has
engendered hundreds of investigations on the topic. While there is a growing literature using …