Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and
adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational …

The testis must create and maintain an immune privileged environment to protect maturing
germ cells from autoimmune destruction. The establishment of this protective environment is …

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells
lining the sinusoidal capillaries of the hepatic system. LSECs are characterized with …

Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of homologous proteins that regulate the
transcription of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-induced gene expression. As such they are …

Bacterial DNA (bDNA) can activate an innate-immune stimulatory" danger “response via toll-
like receptor 9 (TLR9). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is unique among endogenous …

Immune responses are generally divided into innate and adaptive responses, and the
efficacy of one is thought to be independent of the other. The regulation of immune …

Aluminium compounds have been used as adjuvants in practical vaccination for more than
60 years to induce an early, an efficient and a long lasting protective immunity and are at …

Over the last 30 years, genetically engineered DNA has been tested as novel vaccination
strategy against various diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis …

Throughout the past 3 decades, along with the recognition that the immune system not only
influences oncogenesis and tumor progression, but also determines how established …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to represent a group of chronic, relapsing
inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative …