Chronic activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) promotes and
perpetuates the syndromes of congestive heart failure, systemic hypertension, and chronic …

Heart failure (HF) remains the most common cause of death and disability, and a major
economic burden, in industrialized nations. Physiological, pharmacological, and clinical …

Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of
cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases (CVPD). Although cigarette smoking has been in …

WNT signaling is an elaborate and complex collection of signal transduction pathways
mediated by multiple signaling molecules. WNT signaling is critically important for …

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by pneumonia, lymphopenia,
exhausted lymphocytes and a cytokine storm. Several reports from around the world have …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the most important systems in
cardiovascular control and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood
pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin …

Angiotensin II content in the kidney is much higher than in the plasma, and it increases more
in kidney diseases through an uncertain mechanism. Because the kidney abundantly …

The renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) constitutes an important hormonal system in the
physiological regulation of blood pressure. Indeed, dysregulation of the RAS may lead to the …

The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catalyzes the degradation of Angiotensin II
(Ang II) to generate Angiotensin-(1-7), which reduces inflammation and oxidative stress …