Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily an autoimmune disorder of unknown origin. This review
focuses iron overload and oxidative stress as surrounding cause that leads to …

Objective: To review the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and transcranial
color-coded sonography (TCCS) for diagnosis. Methods: The authors searched the literature …

Intracranial arterial stenosis (IAS) is usually attributable to atherosclerosis and corresponds
to the most common cause of stroke worldwide. It is very prevalent among African, Asian …

Background and Purpose—A favorable risk-benefit ratio for warfarin compared with aspirin
has been reported for the prevention of major vascular events in symptomatic≥ 50 …

Objective: To study whether spontaneous dissections of the cervical internal carotid artery
dissection (ICAD) with and without ischemia of the brain or retina differ in the prevalence of …

Background and Purpose—Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography has become a
standard diagnostic technique to assess the intracranial arterial status in acute stroke. It is …

Background and Purpose—We set out to investigate the predictors and time course for
recanalization of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (SICAD) …

Background and Purpose—Autopsy studies found that lacunar strokes differ in the size of
the underlying brain infarct and that small lacunes are usually caused by hypertensive small …

Background and Purpose—Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery
(sICAD) is mainly assessed with MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which …

Objectives: To evaluate in a prospective multicentre setting the feasibility of transcranial
colour coded duplex sonography (TCCS) for examination of the middle cerebral artery …