Mental processes and their neural substrates are intimately linked to the homeostatic control
of internal bodily state. There are a set of distinct interoceptive pathways that directly and …

The memory consolidation hypothesis proposed 100 years ago by Müller and Pilzecker
continues to guide memory research. The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly …

Acute stress shifts the brain into a state that fosters rapid defense mechanisms. Stress-
related neuromodulators are thought to trigger this change by altering properties of large …

The human frontal cortex helps mediate working memory, a system that is used for
temporary storage and manipulation of information and that is involved in many higher …

Emotional events often attain a privileged status in memory. Cognitive neuroscientists have
begun to elucidate the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying emotional …

A New York Times Notable Book: A psychologist's “gripping and thought-provoking” look at
how and why our brains sometimes fail us (Steven Pinker, author of How the Mind Works). In …

In this review, we report on studies that have assessed the effects of exogenous and
endogenous increases in stress hormones on human cognitive performance. We first …

Research in nonhuman animals suggests that reactivation can induce a transient, unstable
state in a previously consolidated memory, during which the memory can be disrupted or …

A highly adaptive aspect of human memory is the enhancement of explicit, consciously
accessible memory for emotional stimuli. Recent findings from neuroimaging …

The effects of stress on learning and memory are not always clear: both facilitating and
impairing influences are described in the literature. Here we propose a unifying theory …