Knowing who we are, and where we are, are two fundamental aspects of our physical and
mental experience. Although the domains of spatial and social cognition are often studied …

Highlights•Human spatial navigation as involving three fundamental forms of
representations and strategies: allocentric, egocentric, and beacon.•How we navigate differs …

In humans, the extent to which body-based cues, such as vestibular, somatosensory, and
motoric cues, are necessary for normal expression of spatial representations remains …

The role of environmental geometry in maintaining spatial orientation was measured in
immersive virtual reality using a spatial updating task (requiring maintenance of orientation …

This study aimed to relate two different forms of survey-based representations encoded after
real-world route learning to the differential use of allocentric and egocentric frames of …

Real-world navigation requires movement of the body through space, producing a
continuous stream of visual and self-motion signals, including proprioceptive, vestibular, and …

When people learn an environment, they appear to establish a principle orientation just as
they would determine the “top” of a novel object. Evidence for reference orientations has …

Recalling a spatial layout from multiple orientations–spatial flexibility–is challenging, even
when the global configuration can be viewed from a single vantage point, but more so when …

We present a detailed analysis of a widely used assay in human spatial cognition, the
judgments of relative direction (JRD) task. We conducted three experiments involving virtual …

The mental rotation literature commonly reports a sex difference, almost always favoring
men. Two strategies have been proposed in the literature to account for this difference …