The brain requires a continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP, most of which is
produced from glucose by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, complemented by …

Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional
properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional …

Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions,
including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters …

Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative …

It is generally thought that under basal conditions, neurons produce ATP mainly through
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and glycolytic activity only …

Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is
ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative …

Synapses enable neurons to communicate with each other and are therefore a prerequisite
for normal brain function. Presynaptically, this communication requires energy and …

A pivotal metabolic function of insulin is the stimulation of glucose uptake into muscle and
adipose tissues. The discovery of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) …

Proper brain function requires a substantial energy supply, up to 20% of whole-body energy
in humans, and brain activation produces large dynamic variations in energy demand. While …

The brain's energy demands are remarkable both in their intensity and in their moment-to-
moment dynamic range. This perspective considers the evidence for Warburg-like aerobic …