We are now near the top of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, at the point before the
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilizes to release proteins such as cytochrome c into …

Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-
membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome …

BCL-2 family proteins are the regulators of apoptosis, but also have other functions. This
family of interacting partners includes inhibitors and inducers of cell death. Together they …

The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits
associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that …

Until fairly recently, proteases were considered primarily to be protein-degrading enzymes.
However, this view has dramatically changed and proteases are now seen as extremely …

Apoptosis, the major form of programmed cell death in metazoan organisms, plays critical
roles in normal development, tissue homeostasis and immunity, and its disturbed regulation …

Organismal homeostasis depends on an intricate balance between cell death and renewal.
Early pathologists recognized that this balance could be disrupted by the extensive damage …

Autophagy and apoptosis are catabolic pathways essential for organismal homeostasis.
Autophagy is normally a cell‐survival pathway involving the degradation and recycling of …

In order to eliminate cells that are redundant, damaged, or infected, metazoan organisms
have evolved the cell suicide mechanism termed apoptosis (Kerr et al. 1972). This genetic …

Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis by
orchestrating immunity upon viral infection. Following viral infection, autophagy is often …