All organisms have a stress response system to cope with environmental threats, yet its
precise form varies hugely within and across individuals, populations, and species. While …

The stress systems are powerful mediators between the organism's systemic dynamic
equilibrium and changes in its environment beyond the level of anticipated fluctuations. Over …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

Subjective stress severity appraisals have consistently emerged as better predictors of poor
health than stressor exposure, but the reason for this is unclear. Subjective stress may better …

Social interactions are a ubiquitous feature of the lives of vertebrate species. These may be
cooperative or competitive, and shape the dynamics of social systems, with profound effects …

Soccer referees have to make quick and accurate decisions while experiencing physical
stress (ie, fatigue) and psychological stress (ie, pressure from the crowd). Researchers have …

Social rank in a structured society has been linked to basal levels of glucocorticoids in
various species, with dominant individuals generally presenting lower levels than …

The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying stress responses in vertebrates is hypothesized
to be highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient. Indeed, elements of this mechanism, from …

Variation in stress responses has been investigated in relation to environmental factors,
species ecology, life history and fitness. Moreover, mechanistic studies have unravelled …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, dementing, whole-body disorder that presents
with decline in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions, as well as endocrine …