Invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation methods are widely used in neuroscience to
establish causal relationships between distinct brain regions and the sensory, cognitive and …

Executive functions, or cognitive control, are higher-order cognitive functions needed for
adaptive goal-directed behaviours and are significantly impaired in majority of …

The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression
has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review …

The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive
methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel …

Cognitive neuroscience studies in humans have enabled decades of impactful discoveries
but have primarily been limited to recording the brain activity of immobile participants in a …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has great potential in advancing clinical
medicine. Currently, the in vivo application strategies for 3D-printed macroscale products …

Ultrasonic neuromodulation is a rapidly growing field, in which low-intensity ultrasound (US)
is delivered to nervous system tissue, resulting in transient modulation of neural activity. This …

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques are used in experimental and clinical fields for
their potential effects on brain network dynamics and behavior. Transcranial electrical …

Neural plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity or brain plasticity, can be defined as the
ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which
was first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the …