The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

While acute inflammation is a natural physiological response to tissue injury or infection,
chronic inflammation is maladaptive and engenders a considerable amount of adverse pain …

Formalin injected subcutaneously into the paw is a frequently used pain assay; it evokes an
initial period of licking and flinching followed by a period of quiescence and last by a second …

The subcutaneous injection of formalin into the rat upper lip generates behavioral responses
that last several minutes. The time course of the response is similar to what is observed …

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain conditions are poorly understood. Since formalin is a
noxious stimulus widely used in animal behavioral experiments for studying pain …

To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of pathological pain, it is important and necessary
to develop an animal model characterized by both spontaneous tonic pain and hyperalgesia …

The antinociceptive effect of the novel xanthoxyline derivative 2-(4-bromobenzoyl)-3-methyl-
4-6-dimethoxy benzofuran)(BMDB), given ip, po, sc, subplantarly, intrathecally or by icv …

Injection of formalin in the rat hindpaw produces two phases of nociceptive behavior.
Although it is generally agreed that the first phase results from direct chemical activation of …

While the formalin test is a widely used behavioral model of tonic chemogenic pain, little is
known about the responses of primary afferent nociceptors to formalin. Formalin (2.5%, 50 …

The formalin test still surprises with its biphasic pain-related behavior resulting from a
quiescent interphase that does not occur with other algogenic compounds and remains …