Data that have a multilevel structure occur frequently across a range of disciplines, including
epidemiology, health services research, public health, education and sociology. We …

Background The comparative effectiveness of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale
(PFO) plus medical therapy versus medical therapy alone for cryptogenic stroke is uncertain …

Background Regarding the analysis of RCT data there is a debate going on whether an
adjustment for the baseline value of the outcome variable should be made. When an …

Objectives To determine the number of independent variables that can be included in a
linear regression model. Study Design and Setting We used a series of Monte Carlo …

Propensity score methods are used to reduce the effects of observed confounding when
using observational data to estimate the effects of treatments or exposures. A popular …

Propensity score methods are increasingly being used to estimate causal treatment effects
in observational studies. In medical and epidemiological studies, outcomes are frequently …

This book builds on and is a sequel to our book Targeted Learning: Causal Inference for
Observational and Experimental Studies (2011). Since the publication of this first book on …

Propensity score methods are increasingly being used to reduce or minimize the effects of
confounding when estimating the effects of treatments, exposures, or interventions when …

Background Adjustment for prognostic covariates can lead to increased power in the
analysis of randomized trials. However, adjusted analyses are not often performed in …

There is increasing interest in estimating the causal effects of treatments using observational
data. Propensity-score matching methods are frequently used to adjust for differences in …