More than 200 mutations are associated with antiretroviral resistance to drugs belonging to
six licensed antiretroviral classes. More than 50 reverse transcriptase mutations are …

Current advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have turned HIV-1 infection into a
chronic and manageable disease. However, treatment is only effective until HIV-1 develops …

Antagonists of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor, CCR5, are
being developed as the first anti-HIV agents acting on a host cell target. We monitored the …

Maraviroc is a CCR5 antagonist in clinical development as one of a new class of
antiretrovirals targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor binding …

Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains require either the CXCR4 or
CCR5 chemokine receptor to efficiently enter cells. Blocking viral binding to these …

The third variable region, V3, of the gp120 surface envelope glycoprotein is an
approximately 35-residue-long, frequently glycosylated, highly variable, disulfide-bonded …

The process of entry into a host cell is a key step in the life cycle of most viruses. In recent
years, there has been a significant increase in our understanding of the routes and …

Over the course of infection, the coreceptor usage of the HIV virus changes from a
preference for CCR5 to a preference for CXCR4 in∼ 50% of infected individuals. The …

Antiretroviral therapy has led to a significant decrease in human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)-related mortality. Approved antiretroviral drugs target different steps of the viral life …

To enter target cells HIV-1 uses CD4 and a coreceptor. In vivo the coreceptor function is
provided either by CCR5 (for R5) or CXCR4 (for X4 HIV-1). Although both R5 and X4 HIV-1 …