Neural processes that direct an animal's actions toward environmental goals are critical
elements for understanding behavior. The hypothalamus is closely associated with …

Following a historical sketch of attempts to explain homosexuality, we review evidence
indicating that the process of determining human sexual orientation is fundamentally the …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …

Sexual and aggressive behaviors are vital for species survival and individual reproductive
success. Although many limbic regions have been found relevant to these behaviors, how …

Sex hormones are essential for neural circuit development and sex-specific behaviors. Male
behaviors require both testosterone and estrogen, but it is unclear how the two hormonal …

To determine the contribution of androgens to the formation of male-gender identity, we
studied male pseudohermaphrodites who had decreased dihydrotestosterone production …

In mice, pheromone detection is mediated by the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory
epithelium. Male mice that are deficient for Trpc2, an ion channel specifically expressed in …

Sexually dimorphic behaviors, qualitative or quantitative differences in behaviors between
the sexes, result from the activity of a sexually differentiated nervous system. Sensory cues …

Testosterone and estrogen are essential for male behaviors in vertebrates. How these two
signaling pathways interact to control masculinization of the brain and behavior remains to …

The evidence reviewed suggests that in all mammalian species the adult male's ability to
display masculine coital behavior depends in part on exposure of the developing brain to …